Abstract
Objective
- To determine the effect of active and placebo interferential current on muscle pain sensitivity using an experimental mechanically induced pain model.
- To evaluate the predictive role of expectations, gender, baseline muscle pain sensitivity, and intervention order on placebo response.
Design
Randomized placebo controlled cross-over trial.
Setting
University research laboratory.
Participants
Forty healthy volunteers (20 females, 20 males).
Interventions
Active interferential current, placebo (sham) interferential current, and no treatment/control were applied to the lumbar area on different days.
Main outcomes measures
Pressure pain thresholds and placebo response.
Results
The two-way ANOVA with repeated measures analysis determined a significant interaction between condition and time (P=0.002). Pairwise comparisons found differences between active interferential and the control condition at 15minutes into treatment (mean difference=0.890kg/cm2, 95% CI 0.023 to 1.757, P=0.043) and at 30minutes into treatment (mean difference=0.910kg/cm2, 95% CI 0.078 to 1.742, P=0.028). The increase in pressure pain thresholds between the active interferential and the control condition (1.12kg/cm2) was clinically meaningful. Logistic regression analysis showed that the condition sequence order was the only variable that predicted placebo response (odds ratio 9.7; P=0.028). If a subject started the sequence receiving placebo treatment first, the odds of responding to placebo would be approximately 10 times higher (i.e. 90% probability of being a placebo responder) than that of starting with an active treatment.
Conclusions
Active interferential was more efficient than control condition in decreasing muscle pain sensitivity. Placebo interferential was not significantly different from control. Treatment sequence demonstrated a strong association with placebo response. These findings have implications for future research characterizing and identifying placebo responders in physiotherapy.
Citation
A preliminary investigation into the effects of active interferential current therapy and placebo on pressure pain sensitivity: a random crossover placebo controlled study Jorge Fuentes C, Susan Armijo-Olivo, David J. Magee, Douglas P. Gross
Physiotherapy - December 2011 (Vol. 97, Issue 4, Pages 291-301, DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2011.01.001)